For some Indonesians, as mastery of English has become increasingly tied to social standing, Indonesian has been relegated to second-class status. In extreme cases, people take pride in speaking Indonesian poorly.  The global spread of English, with its sometimes corrosive effects on local languages, has caused much hand-wringing in many non-English-speaking corners of the world. But the implications may be more far-reaching in Indonesia, where generations of political leaders promoted Indonesian to unite the nation and forge a national identity out of countless ethnic groups, ancient cultures and disparate dialects.

The government recently announced that it would require all private schools to teach the nation’s official language to its Indonesian students by 2013. Details remain sketchy, though. In 1928, nationalists seeking independence from Dutch rule chose Indonesian, a form of Malay, as the language of civic unity. While a small percentage of educated Indonesians spoke Dutch, Indonesian became the preferred language of intellectuals.

Each language had a social rank, said Arief Rachman, an education expert. “If you spoke Javanese, you were below,” he said, referring to the main language on the island of Java. “If you spoke Indonesian, you were a bit above. If you spoke Dutch, you were at the top.”

Leaders, especially Suharto, the general who ruled Indonesia until 1998, enforced teaching of Indonesian and curbed use of English. “During the Suharto era, Bahasa Indonesia was the only language that we could see or read. English was at the bottom of the rung,” said Aimee Dawis, who teaches communications at Universitas Indonesia. “It was used to create a national identity, and it worked, because all of us spoke Bahasa Indonesia. Now the dilution of Bahasa Indonesia is not the result of a deliberate government policy. It’s just occurring naturally.”

Anna Surti Ariani, a psychologist who provides counseling at private schools and in her own practice, said some parents even displayed “a negative pride” that their children spoke poor Indonesian. Schools typically advise the parents to speak to their children in English at home even though the parents may be far from fluent in the language.
Uchu Riza — who owns a private school that teaches both languages — said some Indonesians were willing to sacrifice Indonesian for a language with perceived higher status. “Sometimes they look down on people who don’t speak English,” she said.

She added: “In some families, the grandchildren cannot speak with the grandmother because they don’t speak Bahasa Indonesia. That’s sad.”

Read More: The New York Times

While The Baby Einstein Co does not make educational claims, it notes on its web page that the Baby Wordsworth DVD is a “playful introduction to words and sign language.”

A study by researchers at the University of California, published in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, put the DVD to the test with one and two-year-olds. For six weeks, 88 children were randomly assigned to either watching the DVD a few times a week or not at all. Researchers then tested the language skills in each group based on how many words the children knew according to their parents and how well they did in a lab test.

At the end of the period, toddlers who had watched the DVD fared no better than those who hadn’t. Children in both groups understood about 20 of the 30 words highlighted in the DVD, on average, and spoke 10. Their general language development showed no difference, either.

The researchers also asked parents about their childrens’ television viewing before entering the study. The earlier a child started watching Baby Einstein DVDs, it turned out, the smaller his or her vocabulary was.

The Baby Einstein Company emphasized in an e-mail to Reuters Health that it “does not claim educational outcomes.” On its web page, it notes that its products “are not designed to make babies smarter,” but rather “to engage babies and provide parents with tools to help expose their little ones to the world around them.”

The study’s finding is in line with earlier research, said Rebekah Richert, a psychologist at the University of California, Riverside, who led the study, but it is unclear if the DVDs themselves are responsible. Parents who place their kids in front of the screen could be trying to remedy slow language development, or they could be using the DVDs as baby sitters, cutting back on social stimulation. “A lot of children, particularly when they’re young, seem to have these kinds of (DVDs),” Richert told Reuters Health. “My take-home message would be to encourage live interaction between parent and child.”

Although it is not well understood how watching television affects language, Richert and colleagues wrote in their report that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children younger than two stay away from the screen. Some experts have even suggested that baby videos might be harmful by impeding social and cognitive learning.

Read more: Reuters

Lord Mandleson, the business secretary, has ordered a £600 million budget reduction by 2013 while calling for stronger links between universities and business. The group, including four university vice chancellors, states in a letter to the Observer that these are “worrying times” for the arts and humanities.

Among them is Professor Colin Riordan, an expert in post war German literature and culture at the University of Essex, who fears that modern languages could “die out in the next 20 years at university if we are not careful”. The group believes urgent action is needed to prevent the country’s intellectual heritage being eroded, with a third of the world’s research into arts and humanities taking place in Britain.

There is concern that the Government’s decision last year to ring-fence funding for science-related subjects means that other courses face huge cuts if this is repeated.

The signatories to the letter, who include Nicholas Penny, director of the National Gallery, and Sir Nicholas Kenyon, the Barbican’s managing director, argue that the importance of the arts and humanities should not be overlooked. They say: “There seems to be a belief in government and in much of business that knowledge can be cut into discrete blocks and that the ones that matter most are those of science, technology, engineering and maths.

“The challenges facing the country and the world cannot be addressed without the arts and humanities. People’s complexity comes from their language, identities, histories, faith and culture.

“Without understanding that complexity we cannot address these challenges. Subjects such as literature, philosophy and history teach students to look at the world from a different perspective, to challenge ideas and to communicate effectively, to bring the flexibility and imagination that employers need and welcome.”

Lord Mandleson has denied creating a situation where universities would become production lines delivering graduates to fulfil industry’s needs. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills said in a statement that it was committed to funding “research excellence” wherever it was found and had invested record levels in higher education.

Read more: The Telegraph

The device, developed by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), uses electromyography, monitoring tiny muscular movements that occur when we speak and converting them into electrical pulses that can then be turned into speech, without a sound uttered. “We currently use electrodes which are glued to the skin. In the future, such electrodes might for example by incorporated into cellphones,” said Michael Wand, from the KIT.

The technology opens up a host of applications, from helping people who have lost their voice due to illness or accident to telling a trusted friend your PIN number over the phone without anyone eavesdropping — assuming no lip-readers are around.

The technology can also turn you into an instant polyglot. Because the electrical pulses are universal, they can be immediately transformed into the language of the user’s choice. “Native speakers can silently utter a sentence in their language, and the receivers hear the translated sentence in their language. It appears as if the native speaker produced speech in a foreign language,” said Wand.

The translation technology works for languages like English, French and German, but for languages like Chinese, where different tones can hold many different meanings, poses a problem, he added.

Noisy people in your office? Not any more. “We are also working on technology to be used in an office environment,” the KIT scientist told AFP.

The engineers have got the device working to 99 percent efficiency, so the mechanical voice at the other end of the phone gets one word in 100 wrong, explained Wand. “But we’re working to overcome the remaining technical difficulties. In five, maybe ten years, this will be useable, everyday technology,” he said.

Read more: AFP

Anderson and Harrison are the two linguists behind the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. A U.S.-based nonprofit, it is one of a handful of initiatives spearheaded by linguists who are scrambling to save the world’s endangered tongues. Experts predict that by the end of the century, half of the world’s 6,700 languages will be extinct.

Language endangerment, a global phenomenon, has likely never before been so pervasive. As small, minority languages give way to socioeconomic and cultural pressures, they also yield to languages that replace them. In the process, unique linguistic and anthropological information is lost forever.

“Can it [language loss] be stopped or slowed? It’s very difficult to know how that could happen,” says Doctor Nicholas Ostler, chairman of the UK-based Foundation for Endangered Languages. “It’s a social fact about the way the world is developing at the moment which puts pressure on small language groups, and only if there’s a radical change in the way the world is, the pressures that the world puts on things, [and] people’s consciousness, is it likely to change.”

Ostler’s organization, like Anderson’s and Harrison’s, is fighting the trend. That involves research trips to some of the world’s remotest spots — from Siberia to Bolivia to Australia — and working with locals to preserve rare languages through recordings, transcriptions, and videos. Then comes detailed analyses of the samples — most offering new insight into the grammar and sound system of a language — and sometimes even a rare glimpse into history.

It has been established, for example, that Yaghnobi, a minority language of Tajikistan, is a descendant of the ancient language Sogdian, spoken up and down the Silk Road in medieval times. After documentation comes the hard part — revitalization and maintenance of a dying language. But it’s work that linguists cannot do alone. “No matter what linguists think, say, or do, they can’t do anything to maintain a language. All they can do is provide adequate documentation for it,” says Anderson.

“The people themselves have to choose to maintain it. That requires a lot of effort, both in producing materials that will be suitable for schooling, for example, and a lot of personal effort that the people themselves require to make real the desire that they have to maintain their language.”

With enough effort, disappearing languages can flourish again. One of the great success stories of recent times is Welsh, the language of Wales in Great Britain. It was well on its way to extinction only two decades ago, but now has hundreds of thousands of speakers.

But Welsh had something that most endangered languages do not: vigorous government support. And that support assured the Welsh revival included another crucial element: enough money to make the dreams of reviving the language a reality.

Read more: Radio Free Europe

“Arabic is still very much alive as a language, but young people are moving farther and farther away from it,” said Suzanne Talhouk, who heads the organisation “Fael Ummer” (Imperative) which is running the campaign.

“Some of our youngsters are incapable of writing correctly in Arabic, and many university students we interviewed were not even able to recite the alphabet,” Talhouk said.

Urban youths are often unable to hold a conversation in one language, causing amusement but also irking those around them with such home-grown expressions as the popular farewell: “Yalla, bye.” “At my school it’s more cool to speak French. Arabic is looked down upon,” said high school student Nathalie.

On Thursday the Tunis-based Arab Organisation for Education, Culture and Science decided to set aside March 1 of each year to celebrate the Arabic language. A statement from the organisation said the move was an attempt to “preserve the heritage of the Arab nation in the face of globalisation.”

The message was heard loud and clear in Lebanon, which was once the Francophone hub of the Arab world. The country of four million was under French Mandate from 1920 until its independence in 1943, and it is still widely considered the most “Western” country in the conservative Middle East.

In Lebanon most schools teach Arabic, French and English to their students from a young age, and the education authorities allow students with dual nationality to waive Arabic classes and government examinations. “Having a second language is an asset, provided students do not forget their native language,” said Talhouk.

Experts are divided on who should shoulder the responsibility, with some blaming schools which they say have placed Arabic at the bottom of the educational pyramid.

“Schools often treat Arabic as a secondary subject,” says Henri Awaiss, who heads the department of translation at Saint Joseph University in Beirut. But some teachers say the problem starts at home. “Many parents tend to speak to their children in English or French,” said Hiba, who teaches Arabic at a primary school.

According to Talhouk “some parents even request teachers address their children in French or English if they do not understand Arabic.” “It’s sad. One shouldn’t be ashamed of their language,” she said.

And with the Internet age in full swing, “writing in Arabic is no longer fashionable among the young,” Talhouk added.

The Lebanese have even devised a web-friendly script for their dialect, using Latin font. Numbers such as 2, 3, and 7 are used to represent Arabic phonetic sounds that do not exist in English or French.

The United Nations cultural body UNESCO designated Beirut World Book Capital of the year (April 2009-April 2010). But reading, generally not a popular activity in Lebanon, is even less popular in Arabic.

“I don’t read Arabic novels because they don’t speak to the youth,” said Bilal, a Lebanese university student studying television broadcasting.

Leila Barakat, who manages the World Book Capital programme, stressed the need for more modern Arabic texts that address the new generation. “We must support and encourage Arabic literature for young adults, which is today underdeveloped,” Barakat told AFP.

Talhouk insisted that Lebanon should invest in preserving the nation’s cultural and literary heritage, as well as develop Arabic technological and scientific terms.

“Young people should feel that this beautiful language speaks to them too, that it is of their day and age,” she said.

Read more: DAWN Media

“It is the key to more than 350 German universities and colleges, to Europe’s largest economy,” Westerwelle said. “It grants access to German literature, music, philosophy, and science, to the wealth of great European cultural traditions and, not least, it is the key to realizing one’s own goals and ideas.”

Europe counts about 101 million native German speakers, according to the Foreign Ministry, and some 14.5 million people outside the country are studying the language. That number is down, however, from about 17 million only three years ago, and Berlin is noting, with some alarm, the increasing importance of English as well as efforts by Spain and China to promote their respective languages.

The new campaign aims to combine and highlight the multitude of existing language teaching and cultural projects – without actually spending more than the euro300 million ($406 million) provided by the government in 2009. They want to inspire young people worldwide to take up German and “to motivate decision makers in politics, education, business, and the media within Germany and outside to promote German as a foreign language,” the ministry said in a statement.

Westerwelle has stressed the beauty of German repeatedly ever since a somewhat notorious press conference in late September, when a BBC reporter asked him if, possibly, the foreign minister to be would answer a question in English. Westerwelle, who can speak English, rebuffed the request saying: “Just like it goes without saying that English is spoken in Great Britain it is customary to speak German in Germany.”

Germany, like France, has seen occasional efforts to ban English language imports such as “rent-a-bike,” “ticket counter,” or “coffee shop.” Earlier this month, Deutsche Bahn, the national railway – which routinely provides announcements in German and in a form of almost indecipherable English – pledged to weed out some of its borrowed vocabulary such as “kiss & ride” and “call-a-bike” after Ernst Hinsken, a Bavarian member of Germany’s parliament, complained.

While most Germans study English in school and often resort to the global language, some foreigners seem to go along with Westerwelle’s take on German. “I like German. It is amazing, it is so rational and it makes so much sense,” said Inara Vaz from Sao Paulo, Brazil, who has been studying German in Berlin for a year. She said she is still struggling, not so much with grammar, but with expanding her vocabulary. Nonetheless, it seems to be worth her while. “It is a beautiful language, it is deeper than any other language I know,” she said, a flattering declaration considering she speaks not only Italian, Portuguese and Spanish, but English, too.

Read more: The Washington Post

The company has announced that it will be launching its upcoming versions of Windows, Office, and Visual Studio software suites supported with several new language packs, including Yoruba in Nigeria, Inuktitut in Canada, Oriya in India, isiZulu in South Africa, to mention a few.

Additionally, Redmond-based software giant also unleashed 59 new Language Interface Packs for its next-generation Windows 7 OS and the forthcoming Office 2010 business suites.

Microsoft is touting that the support for 95 languages incorporated with the Local Language Program would help at least a billion people to work with Windows and Office suites in their local languages.

The announcement comes as part of the celebration of International Mother Language Day 2010, an occasion observed to preserve thousands of local dialects and languages across the globe.

A recent research has claimed that a local language dies out every 14 days, succumbing to advancements in technology, thereby taking away with it centuries of cultural history, traditions that existed in oral forms only, and a huge repository of knowledge.

Read more: IT Pro Portal

The study, published in the journal Psychological Science, reveals that the origins of learning two languages lie so deep that they extend even to the prenatal period. “Whatever the mother speaks, if she speaks one language or if she speaks two languages, her baby is going to be prepared to learn one or two languages at birth,” co-author Janet Werker, a professor in psychology at the University of British Columbia, said yesterday.

Dr. Werker and her colleagues ran two experiments to investigate language preference and discrimination in newborns. Babies sucked on a pacifier connected to a computer, with increased sucking indicating interest in a stimulus.

Babies whose mothers spoke only English had more sucks per minute when they heard the language, as opposed to when they heard Tagalog. Newborns whose mothers spoke both English and Tagalog regularly during pregnancy showed equal interest in both languages.

Researchers wondered if the babies could distinguish between the rhythm and melodies of the two languages, or whether their exposure to both meant they couldn’t differentiate between the two.

The second experiment, however, found that babies could discriminate. Infants listened to sentences being spoken in one language until they lost interest and their sucking per minute weakened. They then heard sentences in the other language, or in the same language spoken by a different person. Infants sucked more fervently when they heard the other language being spoken, a finding that suggested infants can discriminate between the two.

“Babies have a preference for listening to what’s familiar at birth. But it doesn’t mean that they confuse the two languages if they’ve been exposed to two languages in utero,” Dr. Werker said. “People are always so afraid that their children will confuse their two native languages, and what this suggests is that even when they leave the starting gate, they have some little mechanisms in place to begin to keep them apart.”

Read more: The Globe and Mail

Professor Anil Sarwal, linguistics expert and faculty member at DAV College, Sector 10, has identified 12,000 such words. The aim behind compiling these words, according to Professor Sarwal, was to use one’s mother tongue to teach the English language. “If encouraged to learn English by beginning with words that are known to them, the ice between learners and the English language will start thawing,” Professor Sarwal says.

He says now learning a language will no longer be a burden. “Rather, it will be fun, as the learner will be able to identify with what is being taught. Many new words in English have been introduced only around 10 years ago and have no substitute in any other language. For example, words like ‘computer’, ‘keyboard’ and ‘mouse’ have no substitutes. And learners even in the most rural areas know these words. If they are incorporated while teaching the language, learning would be much easier.”

Using these words with the technique of developmental teaching, Panjab University has asked Professor Sarwal to write a book for the Adult and Continuing Studies department. The book is being co-authored by Robin Diallo, linguistics teacher and the first secretary of the American Embassy in India.

In the book, local languages will be incorporated, wherever possible, with literature from America, Africa, Australia and other countries. Professor Sarwal says, “We need to change our approach of teaching English and that is what the book would try to achieve.”

Read more: Indian Express